The emergence of the concept of "complex products and systems" began from the literature of military systems, the complexities of the system, the school of large technical system, project management and industrial organization studies. Complex products which are technically manufactured by advanced companies, are technologically advanced capital goods; and investment for capacity building in production sector is one of the important landmarks of national economic power. In the area of complex products, industry structure is mainly composed of very small number of very large firms, suppliers, manufactures, and customers. These firms involve in the process of design, research and development, systems integration, further improvements of the product and maintenance. Now, economic developments require commercialization and development of complex technologies in which the innovation happens only through a complex network. So, one of the distinguishing features of these products compared with the simple ones in mass production is the difference in the related mechanism and innovation management.

Complex product systems (COPS) play an important role in industry, economics and technology of countries. On the other hand, Due to the complexity and the need for in depth and high level knowledge; organizations face challenges in Manufacturing and developing these products. To succeed in manufacturing of these products, organizations need to recognize the required capabilities. Therefore, the current research was conducted to identify the capabilities and enablers needed to manufacturing complex products And analyzes the causal relationships between these enablers. The other purpose of this study was to determine the importance of these factors for the accurate planning in the organization. For this purpose, with using the library studies and semi-structured interviews, the mentioned capabilities were identified and then validated by distributing the questionnaire. Eventually, 10 main factors and 46 sub-factors were identified. In the next step, with using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method, the relationships between these factors were determined and partitioned into four levels. Then ANP was used to determine the weights and ranking of factors. The research results show that networking capabilities, projects management, system integration and interactions at macro levels are the most important factors in manufacturing complex products and have underlying impacts on other factors. at the end of paper, after concluding the content, some suggestions were proposed for future research.

Knowledge management has a key role in projects, it also has great significance in development of Complex Product and Systems (CoPS). All Organization needs CoPS in order to survive and develop. Hence it is needed to introduce the basic concepts of CoPS and identify models associated with development of CoPS and recognize their characteristics. In this article we propose to introduce these models and study knowledge roles and impacts on various stages of optimized model. Knowledge sharing tools are classified based on the evaluation of different stages of the model.

Public transport is considered as one of the criteria of development assessments of a country. Intracity rail transport (subway), one of public transport subcategories, plays a significant role in this assessment. According to the country’s needs and moving toward development, developing local capability for designing and creating products related to subway industry as a complex product is an issue that we must focus on. Complex products are of advanced technology and manufactured in advanced companies. Investment in production of such capital goods is considered as one of the significant indications of the strength of national economy. As these products considerably require capital and time, well-managed localization through technology learning must occur. In this paper, technology learning path and carried out attempts in national subway train were investigated based on phenomenological strategy. After reviewing evidence, field and literature studies and information of project management necessities and technology learning, the data was gathered through open interviews with high level managers of stockholder companies in subway projects and was analyzed with a critical view in form of a grounded theory roadmap through coding – open coding including basic, primary and categorization, and finally blocking and axial coding) by MAXQDA 2020 software. As each main supplier has a different way of learning and using the acquired technology, integration management is required to be taught and developed like engineering sciences. Technology ownership is one of the contractual voids in project implementation and implementing national subway train project led to localization and realization of goals such as national development, an increase in employment, a decrease in building costs, and an increase in localization share using abilities of local manufacturers’ knowledge and abilities.

Complex Products and Systems (CoPS) play an important role in the economic activities of firms, industries and nations and today increasing attention is focused on this industry. However, producing these types of products have always been associated with complexities and uncertainities and firms are not able to produce them without collaboration. Though, technological collaboration is an inseparable part of producing CoPS. This paper first review the literature of complex products and systems, then it studies the different mechanisms of technology transfer and discuss models and factors proposed in the literature for selection of appropriate mechanism of technology transfer. Then, according to the results of studyied indicators, interviews and comparative studies, technology transfer models were identified and ranked by combining AHP and TOPSIS after distributing questionnaires. For this purpose this paper uses questionnair to rank technology transfer mechanisms appropriate to the company using combined approach of AHP and TOPSIS. Findings of this study show that merger, license, outsourcing and consortium are the most appropriate mechanism of technology transfer for this company.

The concept of "complexity" is familiar to most of project's managers, but it is not comprehended in the same way. although the complexity highlights negative points, but it may bring positive advantages which support the project. Researches conducted on this field show that the understanding of "complexity" between the researchers is different and it is mainly depends on their points of view. In fact, many identified aspects of the complexity in the literature are related to the aims of the research. In this paper, an attempt was made to describe the positive / negative features of the complexity of project using three approaches research literature (manufacturing and project complexity), interviews (deep interview with 20 experts) and questionnaire. The research was conducted on the Complex product and system (CoPS) projects. in addition, WH question technique was used. In conclusion, a 5p model (Purpose, Product, Process, People, Peripheral) was introduced.

In the oil industry, most downhole drilling pieces of equipment are considered complex product systems. During the last decades, the National Iranian Drilling Company has made considerable efforts to acquire knowledge and technology of manufacturing related to directional drilling and reserves evaluation equipment. In this regard, this study uses the qualitative case study research strategy to examine the stages of technological capability formation for the production and development of diversion drilling equipment in this company during 27 years (1992 to 2019). According to the research findings, the company has achieved the necessary technological capabilities to manufacture equipment, despite the limitations in international cooperation. Also, these capabilities have been formed in three stages: 1) cooperation with foreign firms,2) purchasing, installation, and exploitation of the imported equipment,and 3) independently manufacturing by developing an innovation network.

Complex products and systems (CoPS) have a vital role in the development process of countries, especially in emerging economies. One of the most important components affecting the success of production and development projects of complex products and systems is the ability in knowledge integration. This capability directly influences the country's innovation capability and enables timely response to changes in the dynamic global environment. The aim of this study is to typology of the factors affecting knowledge integration in the production and development projects of these products. For this purpose, a qualitative thematic analysis research method has been used for data analysis and 235 basic themes, 22 organizing themes and finally 4 global themes have been extracted from the literature review and the opinions of Iranian Aviation Industry experts. The research findings demonstrate that the success of knowledge integration of complex products and systems depends on four categories of contextual factors including environmental factors, product and technology specifications, organizational requirements and contexts, and knowledge development strategy, network structure and processes. The results also indicate that various solutions to the problem of complex product design and development require deep consideration of the environmental factors including institutional components and government.

Reduction of complex product systems (CoPS) manufacturing costs are the main factors of sustainability and survival of the manufacturers. Choosing proper CoPS suppliers can dramatically reduce these costs and increases competitive capability for manufacturers. This is due to the fact that in the complex industries, the costs of raw materials for the production processes or the purchase of components includes a substantial part of the product costs. In this regard, in this paper, a tailored data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is deployed to assess and select the supplier of CoPS, helping to deduct these costs as well as eventuate in productivity of the products. In the proposed model, various suppliers of CoPS are evaluated based on a set of economic, technical, and geographic criteria. The suppliers are ranked in accordance with the obtained scores and then the best ones are chosen. Eventually, to examine the applicability and usefulness of the proposed method, a case study is conducted via which important managerial outcomes are extracted.

There are various players including universities, research centers, technology-based firms with different science and technology capabilities in development process of complex product systems. One of the main challenges of these projects is converging among science and technology capabilities of the players. In order to address the problem, a single case study about the design phase of an Iranian regional jet aircraft was selected. To collect data, we made some deep interviews with 18 experts including some project executives, some managers of supreme council of science and technology, some academic and industry experts. Also we used published documents and researchers’ observations. According to the research conceptual framework, the process of convergence among science and technology capabilities of the players was analyzed from three viewpoints including convergence mechanisms, organizational capabilities of integrator and players relationships. We investigated seven challenges occurred in the project and the eleven selected tools to solve them. One of the main outcomes of this research was deepening researchers and managers’ understanding about making convergence in CoPS projects. The main findings of the article were the need to use various convergence tools based on different stages of a CoPS project improvement, and the uniqueness of convergence tools in these projects.